Neurology at Escola Paulista de Medicina (1933-1995). From Fausto Guerner to José Geraldo Camargo Lima / Neurologia na Escola Paulista de Medicina (1933-1995). De Fausto Guerner a José Geraldo Camargo Lima.

Escola Paulista de Medicina (EPM) was founded in 1933 and the first Professor of Neurology was Fausto Guerner, who could not effectively assume the teaching activities due to his premature death in 1938. Professor Guerner had had his neurological training at Paris. Professor Longo was his successor. Longo was one of the founders of Arquivos de Neuro-Psiquiatria the foremost journal of neurosciences in Latin American. Longo died in 1967 and Professor Paulo Pupo succeeded him. Pupo introduced electroencephalography in Brazil. After his death in 1970, Professor Dante Giorgi succeeded him until 1974. Professor José Geraldo Camargo Lima took over the position after Giorgi’s death. He created the Neurological Emergency unit, initiated the Post-Graduation in Neurology and divided the Discipline in specialized units. During the 1980’s and until his retirement in 1995, EPM had become one of most important centers of Brazil training neurologists and researchers in neurological sciences.

A Escola Paulista de Medicina foi fundada em 1933 e o primeiro Professor de Neurologia foi Fausto Guerner, que morreu prematuramente em 1938, antes do início das aulas. O Professor Paulino Longo foi o seu sucessor. Longo, juntamente com outros, fundou os Arquivos de Neuro-Psiquiatria e a Academia Brasileira de Neurologia. Professor Paulo Pupo, seu sucessor, introduziu a eletroencefalografia no Brasil. O Professor José Geraldo Camargo Lima tornou-se chefe da Neurologia em 1974. Criou o Pronto-Socorro de Neurologia, iniciou a Pós-Graduação e dividiu a disciplina em setores especializadas. A partir dos anos 1980, a Neurologia da EPM tornou-se um dos centros acadêmicos mais importantes do Brasil.

Effect of flaxseed oil in diet on fatty acid composition in the liver of Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)

This study analyzed the effects of different concentrations of flaxseed oil (FO) on the proximate composition and the contents of alpha-linolenic acid (LNA, 18:3n-3), eicosapentaenoic (EPA, 20:5n-3), and docosahexaenoic (DHA, 22:6n-3) fatty acids in the liver of cultured Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). During the fivemonth culture period, tilapias were given diets with incremental concentrations of FO (0.00%; 1.25%; 2.50%; 3.75%, and 5.00%) as a replacement of sunflower oil (control). There was no significant difference in moisture and ash content in the liver between treatments. Protein values ranged from 12.1% (treatment II) to 13.9% (treatment V) and total lipids ranged from 5.6% (treatment V) to 7.2% (treatment II). There was no significant difference between most treatments. Fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) were quantitatively analyzed by capillary gas chromatography against a C23:0 internal standard. Variations in concentrations (in mg g-1 of total lipids) of fatty acids between treatment I and treatment V ranged from 4.2 to 51.2 (LNA), from 0.2 to 2.3 (EPA), and from 10.6 to 56.2 (DHA), respectively. This experiment demonstrated that increasing amounts of LNA in feed may markedly increase the amounts of LNA, EPA, and DHA in the liver of Nile tilapia.

Este estudio analiza los efectos de diversas concentraciones del aceite de linaza (AL) en la composición centesimal y el contenido del ácido alfa-linolenico (LNA, 18:3 n-3), eicosapentaenoic (EPA, 20:5 n-3), y (DHA, 22:6 n-3), los ácidos grasos docosahexaenoic en el hígado del tilapia del Nilo (Oreochromis niloticus) criada em cautiverio. Durante un período de cinco meses, a las tilapias le fueron administradas dietas con concentraciones crecientes de AL (0,00%; 1,25%; 2,50%; 3,75%, y 5,00%) como reemplazo del aceite de girasol (control). No se encontró diferencia significativa en el contenido de humedad y de ceniza en el hígado entre los tratamientos. Los valores de la proteina variaron entre 12,1% (tratamiento II) y (al tratamiento 13,9% V) y los lípidos totales entre el 5,6% (tratamiento V) y 7,2% (tratamiento II). No se encontró diferencia significativa entre la mayoría de los tratamientos. Los ésteres metílicos de los ácidos grasos (FAMEs) fueron analizados cuantitativamente por cromatografía de gas capilar contra la CA. 23:0 estándares internos. Las variaciones en concentraciones (en mg g-1 de lípidos totales) de ácidos grasos entre el tratamiento I y el tratamiento V variaron entre 4,2 y 51,2 (LNA), 0,2 y 2,3 (EPA), y 10,6 a 56,2 (DHA), respectivamente. Esto experimento demostró que cantidades crecientes de LNA en la alimentación puede aumentar significativamente las cantidades de LNA, de EPA, y de DHA en el hígado de la tilapia del Nilo.

Incorporation of dietary trans monounsaturated fatty acids into tissues of Walker 256 tumor-bearing rats

The correlation between dietary trans fatty acids and neoplasia was examined in the present study. Walker 256 tumor-bearing and control rats were fed a trans monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA)-rich diet for 8 weeks and the incorporation of trans fatty acids by tumor tissue was examined. Also, the effect of tumor growth on trans fatty acid composition of plasma and liver, and the content of thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS) was determined. Walker 256 tumor cells presented both trans and cis MUFAs given in the diet. The equivalent diet proportions were 0.66 for trans and 1.14 for cis. Taking into consideration the proportion of trans MUFAs in plasma (11.47 percent), the tumor incorporated these fatty acids in a more efficient manner (18.27 percent) than the liver (9.34 percent). Therefore, the dietary trans fatty acids present in the diet are actively incorporated by the tumor. Tumor growth itself caused marked changes in the proportion of polyunsaturated fatty acids in the plasma and liver but provoked only slight modifications in both trans and cis MUFAs. Tumor growth also reduced the unsaturation index in both plasma and liver, from 97.79 to 86.83 and from 77.51 to 69.64, respectively. This effect was partially related to an increase in the occurrence of the lipid oxidation/peroxidation process of TBARS content which was increased in both plasma (from 0.428 to 0.505) and liver (from 9.425 to 127.792) due to tumor growth

Acylglycerol synthesis in liver of type II diabetic rats fed a diet supplemented with either N-6 or N-3 fatty acids

Liver is one of the tissues most actively involved in triacylglycerol synthesis and secretion. Hypertriglyceridemia is commonly associated with the diabetic state which has been detected in very young rats after the induction of experimental diabetes. In the present work, acylglycerol synthesis in liver of streprozotocintreated rats, fed a diet supplemented with n-3 and n-6 fatty acids, was studied. At the onset of the experiment, plasma triacylglycerol levels increased significantly in diabetic animals when compared to controls. Two weeks after the dietary treatment, the aforementoined parameter decreased in diabetic animals consuming either n-6 or n-3 fatty acids. In control rats, n-3 fatty acids depressed triacyglycerol synthesis in liver microsomes. In the diabetic group both diets increased diacylglycerol and triacylglycerol synthesis. The addition on liver cytosolic fraction from control rats to the incubation medium, stimulated the triacylglycerol synthesis in all the groups. Nevertheless, the radioactivity recovered in the neutral lipid fractions was lower in the samples from rats fed n-3 fatty acids compared to n-6. We conclude that dietary n-3 fatty acids decreased significantly triacylglycerol plasma levels in diabetic rats probably through the inhibiton of liver triacylglycerol secretion. In addition, there probably is an n-3 fatty sensitive factor in the liver cytosolic fraction able to depress triglyceride synthesis.

Evaluación del aceite de palma africana (Elaeis guineensis) como fuente de energía en dietas para pollo de engorada / Evaluación of African palm oil (Elaeis guineensis) as source of energy on broiler diets

Este trabajo tuvo como objetivo comparar el aceite de cártamo con el aceite de palma africana (Elaeis guineensi) como fuente de energía en dietas para pollos de engorda. Se empleó un diseño completamente al azar, cada tratamiento fue triplicado a 30 pollitos mixtos de engorda de la línea comercial Arbor Acres, de 1 a 49 días de edad. Los pollos fueron alojados en 15 corrales con cama de viruta de madera y piso de cemento divididos por un pasillo central. Los pollos fueron alimentados con dietas a base de sorgo y pasta de soya, a las que se agregaron aceite de palma o aceite de cártamo a diferentes niveles de inclusión. Las dietas se formularon considerando 2 etapas en el cilo productivo del pollo: iniciación (0 a 3 semanas de edad) y finalización (3 a 7 semanas de edad). Los tratamientos experimentales consistieron en incluir aceite de palma africana (2.5 por ciento y 5 por ciento) o aceite de cártamo bajo las mismas condiciones a una dieta a base de sorgo y pasta de soya basal con 0 por ciento de aceite. Los resultado promedio obtenidos a los 21 días de edad indicaron que no existió diferencia estadística (P > 0.05) entre los aceites utilizados en el experimento. Los resultados promedio obtenido a 49 días de edad también fueron similares (P > 0.05) entre tratamientos para las variables ganancias de peso (2251 g y 2232 g), consumo de alimento (4854 g y 4742 g) y pigmentación de la canal (52.2 y 54.3 valor de amarillamiento). Sin embargo, existió diferencia (P < 0.05) para las variables conversión alimenticia (2.18 y 2.15) y eficiencia alimenticia (0.464 y 0.471) en favor del aceite de cártamo, respecto del aceite de palma. Mediante la comparación de pendientes considerando los datos de eficiencia a los 21 y 49 días de edad, se encontró un valor energético del 81.9 por ciento y 82.8 por ciento, respectivamente, en relación con el aceite de cártamo (100 por ciento), lo que representa un valor de E.M. de 7,330 Kcal/kg para aves hasta los 21 días de edad y de 7,410 Kcal/kg para aves hasta los 49 días de edad

Dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids, and tissue oxidative stress: the effect of d,l-Ó-tocopherol

The effects of feeding young and aged rats with high doses of polyunsaturated fatty acids from marine oil on the susceptibility of erythrocyte membranes to the induction of oxidative stress, on the level of reduced glutathione of different tissues, and on the antioxidant capacity of blood plasma were studied. The protective effect of the supplementation of the oil with d,l-alpha-tocopherol was also assayed. d,l-alpha-Tocopherol supplementation protects erythrocyte membranes from young rats against the induction of oxidative stress, being unable to protect the membranes from the aged ones. The tripeptide glutathione shows a different behavior depending on the tissue. Blood glutathione is not affected by fish oil ingestion and by the d,l- alpha-tocopherol supplementation either in the young or in the aged animals. Liver glutathione is reduced by fish oil feeding in the aged animals only. Brain glutathione is not affected by the fish oil feeding. The supplementation with d,l-alpha-tocopherol restores the hepatic levels of glutathione and increases the brain level of the tripeptide over the controls, this effect being observed for young and the aged rats. The antioxidant capacity of blood plasma in response to the fish oil feeding increases in the young rats only. This capacity is not affected by the suplementation with d,l-alpha-tocopherol. These metabolic changes are ascribed to possible adaptative responses from the animals to the potential risk of oxidative stress induced by fish oil ingestion. We suggest that metabolic risks may be associated with the consumption of high doses of polyunsaturated fatty acids.

Effect of dietary eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic free acids on human plasma phospholipid and triacylglycerol

Durante dos meses se estudió la absorción e incorporación en humanos de los ácidos grasos de la serie n-3, eicosa-5,8,11,14,17-pentenoico y docosa-4,7,10,13,16,19-hexenoico, en fosfolípidos y triacilgliceeroles del plasma. Ambos ácidos n-3 libres se absorbieron regularmente e immediatamente se observó un aumento de dichos ácidos en los contenidos de fosfolípidos y triacilgliceroles del plasma. Al cesar la administración de ácidos grasos n-3, se agotaron rápidamente los depósitos de dichos ácidos